Restitution Law Review (RLR) is a peer-reviewed, open-access academic journal dedicated to the scholarly examination of restitution, unjust enrichment, remedies, and related areas of private law. The journal serves as an international forum for rigorous legal analysis, fostering doctrinal clarity, comparative insight, and critical debate among academics, practitioners, and the judiciary. Published by Marenex Press, the journal is committed to high editorial standards, ethical publishing practices, and the global dissemination of legal scholarship. Journal Indexing : ABDC - A Category (Australian Business Deans Council) Journal Details : Journal Title: Restitution Law Review (RLR) Publisher: Marenex Press ISSN: 1351-170X Publication Frequency: Bi-annual Publication Model: Open Access Copyright Holder: Restitution Law Review Scope: Restitution, unjust enrichment, remedies, private law, comparative and doctrinal legal analysis etc. Website: https://restitutionlawreview.co.uk Through its bi-annual issues, the Restitution Law Review publishes original research articles, case notes, legislative commentaries, and scholarly reviews that address both theoretical and practical developments in restitution law across multiple jurisdictions. The journal aims to support the advancement of legal knowledge by providing free and unrestricted access to authoritative and analytically robust scholarship for a global audience.
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Lockean Justice and the Law of Restitution: Reassessing Property Rights and Egalitarian Redistribution
Debates on property rights within Lockean political philosophy have often been shaped by right-libertarian interpretations that emphasise strong individual entitlements and minimal redistribution. This article challenges such interpretations by arguing that a principled application of Lockean justice in property in fact supports extensive redistributive outcomes. The analysis begins by clarifying the core elements of the Lockean thesis of justice in property, including the moral conditions under which original acquisition and subsequent transfer of holdings are considered legitimate. Building on this foundation, the article develops a Lockean conception of the law of restitution as a normative response to holdings acquired in violation of Lockean principles. It argues that restitution provides a coherent mechanism for addressing historical injustices in property acquisition and transfer, particularly where present holdings cannot be traced to just origins. Within this framework, property lacking identifiable rightful owners ought not to remain concentrated in the hands of current possessors, but should instead be subject to egalitarian redistribution. The article further contends that the pervasive history of Lockean injustice—including feudal landholding systems, colonial expropriation, and coercive transfers—undermines the legitimacy of a substantial portion of existing global property distributions. When assessed through a Lockean restitutionary lens, these historical wrongs generate strong moral reasons for widespread redistribution aimed at restoring justice rather than merely preserving current entitlements. By situating restitution at the centre of Lockean property theory, the article demonstrates that Lockean justice is not inherently opposed to egalitarian outcomes. Instead, it may require significant redistribution as a matter of corrective justice, thereby offering a philosophically grounded challenge to dominant libertarian accounts of property and entitlement.
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A Study of Impact of Total Quality Management (TQM) in Banking Sector in Raipur City
Liberalization and globalization of the banking sector has created an era of fierce competition, as a result of which service management and quality performance is expected to assume an increasing important role in these industries. Banks can become stronger and effective only if they come out with better customer service, quality, costs, and innovation. Furthermore, the Indian banking environment is at present engulfed in a very healthy and intense competition between public sector banks and private sector banks. In order to retain and enlarge a competitive edge in such a highly competitive market place, banks ought to offer various strategic programmes. One of the significant programmes is Total Quality Management. TQM is an integrative philosophy of management for continuously improving the quality of products and processes of an organization. This research is aimed to examine whether the TQM practices are being adopted in the banks – SBI (public sector bank) and ICICI (private sector bank), in Raipur city of Chhattisgarh state and identify the impact of TQM on the organizational performance, business excellence and service quality of the aforementioned sector. The data collection method used in this research is mixed method, meaning that both qualitative and quantitative data were collected. A survey questionnaire was distributed to bank employees (TQM survey questionnaire). The findings indicated that the proper TQM within the organization ensures better operations and functions through employee participation and training.
Civilisation, Colonialism, and Restitution: Reassessing the Historical Foundations of International Cultural Heritage Law
The contemporary debate on the restitution of cultural objects is deeply rooted in the historical development of international cultural heritage law during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This article offers a critical re-narration of that history, challenging conventional accounts that portray the evolution of cultural heritage protection as a neutral or universally progressive legal enterprise. Instead, it situates the emergence of cultural heritage law within the broader context of colonialism and the Eurocentric concept of “civilisation” that shaped international legal thought during this period. The article advances three central arguments. First, it contends that the notion of civilisation functioned as a foundational and largely unacknowledged catalyst in the development of domestic and international legal regimes for the protection of cultural objects. This concept, deeply embedded in colonial ideology, structured legal distinctions between societies deemed capable of safeguarding cultural heritage and those considered in need of external control or supervision. Second, the article demonstrates that states and other actors strategically deployed cultural heritage laws, and their association with civilisation, to pursue divergent political, cultural, and imperial objectives. Cultural heritage protection thus operated not only as a legal safeguard but also as a tool of power and legitimation within the international legal system. Third, the article argues that contemporary international cultural heritage law continues to reflect elements of its colonial origins, particularly in its institutional structures, normative assumptions, and approaches to ownership and protection. Current restitution debates are therefore not merely about the return of objects, but about addressing deeper structural imbalances embedded in the legal framework itself. Drawing on critical perspectives, including Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL), the article concludes that meaningful restitution requires a reassessment of the historical and conceptual foundations of cultural heritage law, rather than incremental reform alone.
Law, Conflict, and Property Dispossession in Syria: Legal Barriers to Restitution and Post-War Return
In the aftermath of prolonged civil conflict, the restoration of property rights is a critical component of post-war recovery and sustainable return. In Syria, although the government has formally encouraged displaced populations to return following the reduction of active hostilities in certain regions, legal and policy developments adopted during the conflict have significantly constrained the possibility of restitution for many former residents. This article examines how deliberate changes to property law and administrative practice during the Syrian civil war have facilitated widespread expropriation and created enduring obstacles to return and reintegration. Drawing on an analysis of legal instruments, policy measures, and secondary sources, the article demonstrates that wartime legislation systematically undermined property rights, particularly for individuals and groups perceived as politically opposed to the government. These measures include expanded expropriation powers, restrictive documentation requirements, and redevelopment schemes that disproportionately affect those lacking physical presence, legal status, or connections to regime-aligned networks. Collectively, these legal tools have operated to transfer property away from displaced populations under the guise of urban planning, security, and reconstruction. The article argues that such legal restructuring represents not merely a by-product of conflict but a strategic use of law to consolidate control over land and assets. As the effects of these measures materialise in the post-conflict period, they are likely to result in the permanent dispossession of large segments of the population, particularly those who fled violence or opposed the government. The resulting property losses undermine prospects for meaningful restitution, voluntary return, and long-term social reconciliation. The article concludes that without legal reform and credible restitution mechanisms, post-war Syria risks entrenching displacement through law. It highlights the broader implications of using legal frameworks as instruments of exclusion in conflict and post-conflict settings, and underscores the importance of property rights protection as a foundation for justice, return, and durable peace.
Hard Law and Soft Law Responses to the Restitution of Colonial-Era Cultural Collections: Developments and Challenges in the Netherlands
The restitution of cultural objects acquired during the colonial period has become an increasingly prominent issue within Dutch cultural heritage governance, engaging both binding legal norms and non-binding policy instruments. This article provides an analytical overview of restitution claims and returns processed in the Netherlands in recent years, situating these practices within the broader legal and regulatory framework governing colonial-era collections. While particular attention is given to restitution claims involving Indonesia, the analysis also encompasses claims connected to other former colonial territories, reflecting the wider scope of Dutch colonial heritage. The article first examines the domestic legal context, including Dutch cultural heritage legislation and regulatory mechanisms applicable to objects originating from colonial settings. It then assesses recent policy developments, focusing on the Dutch Heritage Act of 2016 and the 2021 Policy Vision on Collections from a Colonial Context. Special emphasis is placed on the interaction between statutory law and policy-based approaches, as well as the normative and practical frictions that arise from their parallel operation. A comparative perspective forms a central component of the analysis. The article contrasts the Netherlands’ handling of claims relating to Nazi-looted art with its approach to claims involving colonial-era acquisitions, highlighting differences in institutional design, moral framing, and legal certainty. It further compares Dutch restitution measures with those adopted in Belgium, another former colonial power that has intensified efforts to address the decolonisation of state-held collections. While both countries have made meaningful progress, the article identifies continuing limitations in their respective policy frameworks. The article concludes that the Netherlands remains in an intermediate phase in the development of a coherent and comprehensive restitution regime for colonial cultural collections. Although recent initiatives demonstrate an increased willingness to confront colonial legacies, further legal consolidation and normative clarity are required to ensure consistency, transparency, and equality in restitution practices.
Digital Heritage, Decolonization, and International Law: Restitution, Authority, and the Transformative Potential of Digital Surrogates
The growing reliance on digital technologies in cultural heritage governance has introduced new possibilities and new risks for post-colonial restitution debates. This article argues that digital engagements with heritage can meaningfully contribute to decolonization only when they are shaped by, and serve the interests of, communities from which cultural objects were taken. Absent such conditions, digitization risks reproducing colonial hierarchies by reinforcing external control over heritage, even while appearing progressive or inclusive. The article contends that international law has a critical role to play in embedding ethical commitments to reparative justice, provided it moves beyond ostensibly neutral legal categories such as authenticity and access, which often operate to legitimize continued colonial possession. The analysis centres on proposals for digitization advanced in the Sarr–Savoy Report on the restitution of objects held in French museums, where digital surrogates were, in some instances, framed as a prerequisite to physical return. Drawing on the report and the diverse responses it generated, the article critically examines whether digitization can function as a form of reparation and emancipation, or whether it instead risks entrenching asymmetrical power relations by shifting value creation and control away from source communities. The article explores how digital surrogates generate new forms of cultural, symbolic, and economic value, and questions who controls that value in contemporary restitution arrangements. It argues that without legal frameworks that prioritise community authority, consent, and benefit-sharing, digital heritage initiatives may undermine rather than advance decolonization. The article concludes by proposing a reorientation of international legal approaches to digital heritage, one that foregrounds restitution, community governance, and the transformative potential of digital tools as instruments of justice rather than substitutes for material return.
Legal Politics and the Fulfilment of Restitution Rights for Rape Victims under the Qanun Jinayat of Aceh
The fulfilment of restitution rights for victims of rape constitutes a critical component of victim protection, human rights realization, and substantive justice, particularly within legal systems that address sexual violence through specialised normative frameworks. This article examines the political and legal dimensions governing the implementation of restitution for rape victims in Aceh under the Qanun Jinayat. Restitution is analysed as a compensatory mechanism intended to address the physical, psychological, and social harm suffered by victims, many of whom belong to structurally vulnerable groups. Using a normative juridical methodology informed by theories of legal politics, the article explores both the regulatory design and practical application of restitution within the Aceh legal system. Particular attention is given to judicial practice in rape cases adjudicated under the Qanun Jinayat, assessing how restitution is interpreted and applied by judges as an additional form of punishment imposed on perpetrators. The analysis reveals that, although restitution is formally recognised within the Qanun Jinayat framework, its implementation remains limited and procedurally burdensome. Complex requirements, institutional constraints, and procedural inefficiencies significantly impede victims’ ability to obtain effective compensation. The article further interrogates whether restitution, when positioned as an ancillary criminal sanction rather than as a victim-centred right, is capable of fulfilling the substantive sense of justice owed to rape victims. While acknowledging these shortcomings, the article situates the Qanun Jinayat within the broader context of legal politics, interpreting it as a state policy aimed at ensuring legal certainty and moral accountability within Aceh’s special autonomy framework. The article concludes that, although the current restitution mechanism under the Qanun Jinayat has not yet achieved its intended protective function, it provides a foundational legal structure that may be strengthened through reform, clearer procedural guidance, and a stronger victim-oriented implementation strategy.
The Effect of Data-Driven Marketing Decisions on Customer Acquisition and Retention Performance: An Empirical Study
The empirical research reported in this paper is on how data-driven decision-making influences the organizational performance concerning gaining and retaining customers. The study utilized primary data taken from 400 faces of marketing specialists, meaning the use of descriptive data for investigations in different industries. Adoption of practices about the use of accurate accounting models, predictive modeling, and online decision-making affects the four-item constructs of the study model. Statistical measurements of Data-Driven Marketing Practices (DDMP), Customer Acquisition Performance (CAP), Customer Retention Performance (CRP), and Organizational Analytics Capability (OAC) were made through a structured questionnaire. The validity of concepts is demonstrated by high-Cronbach's alpha coefficients (α > 0.85) securing the precision of measurement. As a strong linear relationship exists between all selected items, the resultant correlation coefficients are all Cent-Pearson's r = 0.678 and point to insignificant results. Both customer acquisition performance and customer retention performance are positively correlated at r = 0.742 (p < 0.001). The goodness of fit shown by data-driven marketing practices shows that they can be stable predictors of both dependent variables. Results from multiple regression demonstrate that DDMP explains 55.1% of the total variance in customer acquisition performance and 46.0% in customer retention performance. They all support the four hypotheses that organizations embracing data analytics win in things such as maintaining high-quality customer acquisition efficiency, lowering expenses in attracting the customer, increase the lifetime value of a customer, and keep the user coming back. It contributes to the development of scientific material concerning the capability of marketing analytics and casts an empirical vote for the strategic edge of a data-driven approach in contemporary marketing practice.
French Colonial Crimes and Genocide against the Algerian People Towards Legal Liability and Restitution
During the years of occupation, French colonialism committed crimes against the Algerian people that had severe material and moral repercussions, some of which still exist today. These consequences are adequate to prove France's criminal and civil culpability. As a result, the perpetrators of these crimes deserve to be prosecuted in international criminal courts, and France ought to be obliged to reimburse the Algerian people for their losses, both monetarily and in kind. This study examines French colonial crimes against the Algerian people and analyses their potential characterization as genocide under international law, with a specific focus on the dimensions of legal liability and restitution. The paper further explores the theoretical and practical pathways to establishing State liability for these historical wrongs, particularly in light of contemporary legal developments, including Algeria’s domestic legislation criminalizing French colonization and demanding accountability.
AI-Integrated IoT Antenna Systems based Remote Health Monitoring for Technical Reliability, Insurance Coverage, Medical Liability, and Biomedical Data Governance
The study explore how AI-based IoT antenna systems can improve remote health monitoring, and more specifically technical reliability, insurance efficiency, medical liability, and biomedical data governance. The quantitative research design was used and primary data was gathered using a structured questionnaire that was used on 250 respondents who included healthcare workers, insurance workers, IT professionals and system users. The statistical analysis of the data was done through descriptive analysis, reliability test, correlation, and regression analysis using SPSS. The results show that the use of AI-IoT systems has a considerable positive effect on the four dimensions of a remote healthcare system. Biomedical data governance provided the strongest effect, with technical reliability coming in second, which means that AI-enabled systems lead to considerable improvements in data security and privacy and are more efficient in real-time monitoring. In the efficiency of insurance, the moderate results were observed, which implies better processing of claims and anti-fraud activities. Nevertheless, the impact on medical liability was relatively less, which underscores the issue of legal responsibility in AI-led healthcare settings. The study makes a contribution to the already existing body of literature on digital healthcare by offering empirical information about the multi-dimensional effectiveness of AI-IoT integration. The findings highlight the importance of powerful regulatory systems and policy solutions to combat new issues of legal responsibility and data management. The results provide useful information to policymakers, health service providers, and insurance agencies on how to maximize the use of AI-based remote health monitoring systems.
Reliability, Risk, and Legal Accountability for Renewable-Energy-Integrated Power Converters in Electric Vehicles: Implications for Insurance and Regulatory Compliance
The rapid transition toward sustainable mobility has accelerated the integration of renewable energy sources into electric vehicle (EV) systems, particularly in power converter technologies. While this integration enhances environmental sustainability and energy efficiency, it introduces significant challenges related to reliability, risk, and legal accountability. The present study investigates the interrelationship between reliability performance, risk factors, legal accountability, and their implications for insurance and regulatory compliance in renewable-energy-integrated power converters in electric vehicles. A quantitative research design is adopted, and primary data are collected from key stakeholders, including EV professionals, engineers, insurance experts, and legal authorities, using a structured questionnaire based on a five-point Likert scale. The data are analyzed using SPSS and MS Excel, employing descriptive statistics and correlation analysis to examine relationships among the variables. The findings reveal that lower reliability is associated with higher perceived risk, while risk factors significantly influence both legal accountability and insurance and regulatory implications. Legal ambiguity further intensifies insurance burdens and compliance requirements, highlighting the interconnected nature of technological, legal, and financial dimensions. The study concludes that risk acts as a central mediating factor linking system reliability with institutional outcomes. It emphasizes the need for improved reliability standards, clearer legal frameworks, and adaptive insurance models to support the sustainable development of electric vehicle ecosystems. The research contributes to the existing literature by providing a multidisciplinary perspective and offers practical insights for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and researchers.
Identity Crisis in an Age of Digital Replication – Critical Analysis of Personality Rights in India
Identity was once anchored in presence. It required a body, a voice, a moment that could be located in time. That assumption no longer holds with the same certainty. Digital systems now allow identity to be replicated, altered, and circulated in ways that detach it from the individual who originally embodied it. This paper examines the evolving contours of personality rights in a landscape where identity is no longer stable, singular, or entirely controllable. The focus remains on the uneasy intersection of privacy, property, and dignity, though these categories begin to blur once technological realities are taken seriously. The analysis moves across jurisdictions, particularly India, the United States, and Europe, not to produce a neat comparison but to observe how each system responds sometimes decisively, sometimes hesitantly to similar pressures. Judicial decisions are read alongside theoretical approaches, and the gaps between them become difficult to ignore. There are moments where the law appears confident in recognising personality as a protectable interest. Then a new form of digital replication emerges, and that confidence weakens. A purely proprietary understanding risks reducing identity to a tradable asset, while a strictly privacy-based model struggles to account for economic exploitation. What begins to surface instead is a hybrid structure, though it is rarely acknowledged as such in explicit terms. This paper argues that personality rights must be reconceptualised as a composite right grounded in dignity but responsive to technological and commercial realities. Whether existing legal frameworks can sustain that shift remains uncertain. The question lingers quietly, but persistently.
A Novel Enhanced t-SNE Framework for Male Fertility Prediction with Multi-Factorial Data
The prevalence of male infertility is very high, and it is usually underdiagnosed, with Sperm DNA Fragmentation (SDF) affecting an estimated 30% of infertile men, leading to IVF failure, miscarriage, and poor embryo quality. Recent therapeutic methods are showing less active repair of DNA damage, ranging from antioxidant supplements to sperm selection techniques, which leads to a limited success rate. To address these issues, this study presents an AI-based GenoRepair, an initial-stage, real-time DNA repair system that utilizes AI and nanotechnology. The CRISPR-Cas9-loaded magnetic lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) target and repair fragmented DNA through an integrated system of a hybrid Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and a Transformer model for rapid SDF detection. Through individual sperm epigenetics and motility profiles, repair protocols are customized using reinforcement learning, with a focus on demonstrating DNA integrity and viability post-repair through in vitro validation. The results demonstrate a 65% increase in IVF success rates using the minimally invasive and effective method. At the molecular level, GenoRepair AI represents a paradigm shift in fertility medicine, offering a precision-engineered and scalable solution. This technology enhances reproductive outcomes, which also aids in future interventions, and AI is guided by regenerative medicine.
The Right to the Environment as a Human Right
A clean, healthy, safe, and sustainable environment is a prerequisite for the full enjoyment of human rights, given the interconnectedness of human rights and a protected environment. This was emphasized by the United Nations through its resolutions, the first of their kind in its history, issued by the Human Rights Council in 2021, specifically Resolution (48/13/RES/HRC/A), which affirmed that every individual, everywhere, has the right to live in a healthy, clean, and sustainable environment. The same was affirmed by the General Assembly in 2022, Resolution (76/300/RES/A), explicitly and publicly adding this right as a fundamental human right to the list of internationally recognized human rights. Furthermore, this international recognition reflects the growing global awareness that environmental protection is inseparable from the protection of human dignity and fundamental freedoms. It also places a responsibility on states to adopt effective policies and legal frameworks to ensure the preservation of the environment for present and future generations.
Exploring The Landscape of Financial Inclusion Through the Lens of Financial Technologies: A Review
The paper gives an in-depth review of the dynamic environment of financial inclusion in a transformative perspective of financial technology (FinTech). With the world economy shifting to complete digitalization, it is crucial to comprehend the processes that would allow the 1.4 billion unbanked people in the world to have access to sustainable development. A bibliometric method has been pursued to trace this development, with 425 high-impact peer-reviewed articles that were published between 2021 and 2026 being analyzed. Scopus and Web of Science databases have been searched to retrieve data and science mapping methods have been implemented using VOSviewer and Biblioshiny to detect intellectual clusters and thematic trends. The results indicate a major thematic shift in the domain of too simple mobile payment infrastructure to the advanced usage of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Decentralized Finance (DeFi). The main findings define four main research agendas including adoption of infrastructure, advanced tech integration, AI-driven risk management, and the new nexus of so-called Green FinTech. Moreover, the analysis points to a geographic change, as the rising economies such as China, India, and Kenya are the front-runners of the discussion on digital equity. The implications of these results imply that even though FinTech promises unparalleled prospects regarding the economic agency, policymakers need to tackle the so-called digital divide and algorithmic biases to make the shift to digital finance both all-encompassing and stable.
Portfolio Optimization Using Sharpe, Treynor, and Jensen Measures: Evidence from IT Sector Stocks
This study investigates portfolio optimization using risk-adjusted performance measures—Sharpe Ratio, Treynor Ratio, and Jensen’s Alpha—with empirical evidence from the Indian IT sector. The analysis is based on secondary data collected from seven major IT companies (TCS, Infosys, Wipro, HCL Technologies, Tech Mahindra, LTTS, and Mphasis) listed on the National Stock Exchange, covering the period from January 2021 to December 2025. The study employs the Markowitz mean-variance framework for portfolio construction and the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) for performance evaluation. The optimized portfolio generated an average return of 14.7% (Rp = 0.147) with a standard deviation of 0.189 and a beta of 1.12, indicating moderate volatility and higher market sensitivity. The Sharpe Ratio (0.43), Treynor Ratio (0.073), and Jensen’s Alpha (1.02%) reveal varying perspectives on portfolio efficiency. Inferential statistical tests, including ANOVA (F = 5.67, p < 0.05) and one-sample t-test (t = 3.87, p < 0.01), confirm significant differences among performance measures and the existence of excess returns. The findings highlight that IT sector portfolios can deliver superior risk-adjusted performance, with Jensen’s Alpha emerging as the most reliable evaluation metric.
Artificial Intelligence and the Challenge to Traditional Civil Liability Rules
This study examines the legal issues arising from the development of artificial intelligence technologies, particularly in relation to liability for damage caused by intelligent systems. The autonomous ability of these technologies to learn and make decisions weakens the effectiveness of traditional civil liability rules and raises questions about who should bear responsibility: the programmer, the user, or the system itself. The study explores the possibility of granting legal personality to AI and adapting strict liability rules, such as product liability, to hold these systems accountable. It concludes that the current legal framework is insufficient and requires legislative reform to protect individuals and keep pace with technological progress.
The Relationship Between Internal Controls and Risk Management Efficiency
Internal controls and risk management are fundamental components of an effective corporate governance framework. Strong internal control systems are designed to ensure accurate financial reporting, safeguard assets, and promote operational efficiency, while risk management focuses on identifying, assessing, and mitigating potential threats that may affect organizational objectives. the relationship between internal controls and risk management efficiency, analyzing how well-designed control mechanisms contribute to improved risk identification, mitigation, and overall organizational performance. elements of internal control systems, including control environment, risk assessment procedures, control activities, information and communication systems, and monitoring mechanisms. It evaluates how these components enhance risk management efficiency by reducing operational uncertainties, minimizing fraud risk, and improving compliance with regulatory standards. Effective internal controls not only prevent financial misstatements but also support proactive risk assessment and strategic decision-making.
Artificial Intelligence in Marketing: A Conceptual Framework for Customer Personalization and Engagement
This study examines the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in enhancing customer engagement through personalization and underlying psychological mechanisms. A conceptual framework is developed linking AI, customer personalization, perceived usefulness, customer trust, and customer engagement, with privacy concerns incorporated as a moderating factor. Using a quantitative research design, data were collected from 320 digital consumers interacting with AI-enabled platforms such as e-commerce, social media, and digital banking. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was employed to test the proposed relationships. The results indicate that AI significantly influences personalization (β = 0.65, p < 0.001), perceived usefulness (β = 0.48, p < 0.001), and customer trust (β = 0.45, p < 0.001). Personalization has a strong positive effect on customer engagement (β = 0.53, p < 0.001). Mediation analysis reveals that perceived usefulness (β = 0.22) and customer trust (β = 0.20) partially mediate the personalization–engagement relationship. Furthermore, privacy concerns negatively moderate this relationship (β = −0.19, p < 0.001). The model demonstrates good fit (CFI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.048), confirming its robustness. The findings highlight that while AI-driven personalization enhances engagement, its effectiveness depends on perceived value, trust, and ethical data practices.
Recovery of Criminal Proceeds from the Digital Environment: A Study of the Algerian Experience and International Efforts
The issue of recovering illicit funds from the digital environment is one of the most prominent contemporary hot topics driving international criminal policy. This is because it concerns the transfer, smuggling, or physical recovery of funds from virtual environments, but its impact extends to a range of stages that include tracking the digital trail of financial transactions according to a virtual map that identifies the sources of these funds, their destinations, and the countries through which they pass. This makes it possible to collect digital evidence and to apply the appropriate legal and judicial measures at both the national and international levels under comprehensive international cooperation. In particular, as modern and intelligent technology techniques have increasingly emerged, money-laundering operations have grown in parallel with cybercrimes. Accordingly, it has become necessary to update national and international financial legal systems in order to confront these challenges for the purpose of recovering such funds, and thus to identify the most important mechanisms adopted in this field, which is of great importance in linking national and international coordination to protect national economic security and ensure financial stability.
Assessment of Air Pollution Control Strategies in Urban Areas
Air pollution has become a major environmental and public health concern in urban areas due to rapid industrialization, urbanization, and increased vehicular emissions. The deterioration of air quality poses serious risks to human health, ecosystems, and overall quality of life. This study focuses on the assessment of various air pollution control strategies implemented in urban environments to evaluate their effectiveness and sustainability. The research examines key sources of urban air pollution, including transportation, industrial activities, construction work, and domestic emissions. It analyzes different control measures such as emission standards, promotion of public transportation, adoption of cleaner fuels, green infrastructure development, and the use of advanced pollution control technologies. Data from monitoring stations, satellite observations, and environmental reports are utilized to assess changes in air quality indicators such as particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and carbon monoxide (CO). The study also evaluates policy interventions and regulatory frameworks aimed at reducing pollution levels, highlighting their strengths and limitations. Special attention is given to the role of technological innovations, urban planning, and public awareness in improving air quality. Comparative analysis of different urban areas is conducted to identify best practices and effective strategies.
Procedural sanction as a tool to address deviations affecting the rights of the accused
Procedural sanctions are among the most important guarantees of procedural law (civil or criminal). They constitute the instrument ensuring respect for legal rules governing procedural acts. They represent the negative legal consequence resulting from the violation of procedural rules, and their objective is to protect the rights of litigants and ensure the proper administration of justice. Procedural sanctions take various forms depending on the nature of the violation, most notably nullity, forfeiture, inadmissibility, and non-existence. They aim to achieve several functions, including deterrence, protection, and organization of litigation. Since procedural sanctions are not an end in themselves but a means to ensure fair and orderly judicial proceedings, preventing form from prevailing over substance, the law has surrounded them with safeguards such as legality of procedure, achievement of purpose, and prohibition of abuse of rights.
Administrative Liability Based on Fault: A Comparative Study Between French and Algerian Law
This academic legal article addresses the topic of "Administrative Liability Based on Fault" through a comparative study between the French and Algerian legal systems. The study focuses on the traditional and most common basis for administrative liability: fault in its two forms—service fault (fault of the public service) and personal fault (fault of the official). Through analyzing the jurisprudence of the French Council of State as the historical cradle of administrative law and comparing it with the jurisprudence of the Algerian Council of State, the article examines the criteria for distinguishing service fault from personal fault, the gradation of fault (simple and gross), and the theory of cumulation of faults and liabilities. The study also discusses damage and causality as indispensable elements for establishing fault-based administrative liability. The study concludes that Algerian administrative courts, despite their apparent influence from their French counterparts, have developed their own jurisprudence that adapts to the Algerian context.
Behavioral Management Accounting and Strategic Incentive Design: Examining How Accounting Performance Metrics Shape Employee Motivation and Productivity
This paper evaluates accounting performance measures influencing employee motivation and productivity in corporations. This research seeks to answer a critical question about how management accounting systems behaviourally condition employee responses, drawing on goal-setting theory, agency theory, and the intersection of agency theory and behavioural accounting. A survey-based quantitative method was employed in a stratified random sample of n = 320 participants, each study with a different setup for manufacturing and service-sector organisations in India. The author collected the data in various cities in India and compiled all of it with a Likert scale with odd numbers from 0 to 4 (with Cronbach α = 0.892). The results of research study-based model investigations and descriptive statistical analyses, Pearson correlations, ANOVA, an independent t-test, and an ordinary least squares (OLS) regression were taken into account. The research exhibited APM having a significant and positive impact upon employee motivation (β = 0.68, p < 0.001, R² = 0.461) and productivity (β = 0.61, p < 0.001, R² = 0.387). The non-financial metrics and Balanced Scorecard integration appear to have a significant influence on motivation as well. Confirming the findings of ANOVA indicates that different metrics are laid across various categories (F(4, 315) = 14.23, p < 0.001). The research contributes a new empirical understanding to the basics of management accounting behaviour and provides real-life suggestions for the strategic design of reward mechanisms, pro-alignment of performance measure systems, and maximisation of human capital in modern enterprises.
Financial Cybercrimes in Tamil Nadu: A Case Study of Mule Account Fraud and Fake Loan Scams Targeting Rural Women
This research project examines the rapid rise of financial cybercrimes in Tamil Nadu, focusing on two specific crime typologies: mule account fraud and fake microfinance loan scams targeting rural women. Using detailed case materials from five districts in Tamil Nadu (Karur, Tiruppur, Krishnagiri, Coimbatore, and Chennai), supplemented by analysis of operations in Tirunelveli and Tiruchirappalli, the research reconstructs the structure and functioning of organized syndicates, the socio‑economic vulnerabilities they exploit, and the inadequacies of existing legal and institutional responses under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (BNS). Employing a qualitative case study methodology grounded in FIR records, police press releases, media reports and official documentation, the analysis examines: (a) a large-scale mule account fraud network, in which 101 individuals were arrested, 285 mule accounts identified across five banks, 930 complaints lodged and approximately ₹1.57 crore in losses reported; and (b) a fake loan scam defrauding over 1,000 rural women across 95+ villages in Tiruchirappalli and Karur districts, amounting to approximately ₹31–35 crore. The findings confirm that organized networks systematically recruit and manipulate vulnerable individuals, weaponize digital illiteracy and exploit regulatory gaps in banking and microfinance sectors. The study validates the hypothesis that existing legal frameworks and enforcement mechanisms are inadequate to address these new forms of cyber‑enabled financial crime. The paper concludes by proposing a dedicated financial cybercrime statute, enhanced cyber‑policing infrastructure, stricter Know Your Customer (KYC) regimes, targeted digital literacy programmes for rural women, and victim‑centered compensation mechanisms aligned with principles of economic justice and gender sensitivity.
Restitution beyond Contract and Tort: Mapping Its Autonomous Domain in Contemporary Jurisprudence
This paper explores the theoretical underpinning and the scope of restitution as an independent body of law. It takes a comparative look at the law of unjust enrichment in Anglo-American common law, civilian jurisdictions and argues that it is a third pillar of the law of obligations – with its very own organizing principle and internal taxonomy, as well as remedial logic. The historical story of restitutionary liability, from the Roman condictiones to quasi-contractual fictions of the common law, to the arrival of the modern analytical approach in Lipkin Gorman v Karpnale Ltd (1991) is mapped. It critically maps the four defining elements of an unjust enrichment claim enrichment, at the expense of the claimant, unjust factor, and defenses and analyses their interaction with contractual and tortious doctrines without collapse into either. The paper also interrogates the proprietary dimension of restitution, the role of subjective devaluation, the nature of enrichment by services, and the continuing controversy over the recognition of 'absence of basis' as an alternative structuring principle. Finally, the paper situates restitution within broader debates about the coherence of private law and considers its trajectory across England and Wales, the United States, Australia, Canada, and Germany.
The Algerian Academy of Sciences and Technologies under Law No. 22-02 and its Implementing Decrees
Desire from the constitutional founder to establish and perpetuate the advisory position in all fields to enhance participatory democracy and build a proper decision, according to the constitutional amendment of 2020, the Algerian Academy of Science and Technology, according to Article 218 of the constitutional amendment for the year 2020, and explicitly recognized that it is a body established by the President of the Republic of a scientific and technological nature. Law No. 22-02 and decrees The applied to it, its organization, its formation, its course and its tasks. This study aims to show the legal, organizational and functional framework of the academy under Law No. 22-02 and the decrees taken and for its application, as well as highlighting the manifestations of the independence of the academy organically and functionally.
Outsourcing material availability decision-making research
Strong analytical models and design tools are essential for effective supply chain design. Previous research in this field mostly focused on operations research rather than manufacturing considerations. Product life cycle, product attributes, and product features should drive integration and decision-making in supply chain architecture, according to recent study. Furthermore, a thorough set of performance indicators should drive decision-making processes. In this work, we use the supply chain operations reference (SCOR) model level I performance indicators as our decision-making criterion and establish a relationship between product attributes and supply chain strategy. The next step is to create a multi-criteria decision-making approach that incorporates both quantitative and qualitative elements into supplier selection. This methodology is based on preemptive goal programming (PGP) and integrated analytic hierarchy process (AHP). While AHP uses supplier ratings resulting from pairwise comparisons to subjectively identify supply chain strategy by matching product attributes with supplier qualities, PGP uses mathematics to estimate the best order amount from the selected providers. The final order quantity is affected by the changes of pairwise comparisons in AHP since PGP employs AHP ratings as input. Thus, in order to guarantee that supplier evaluations are accurate, users of this technique should place a larger focus on the AHP development.
Transformation of Talent Management Through Digital Technologies
Talent management is being reshaped like never before by the rapid evolution of artificial intelligence (AI), big data analytics, machine learning (ML), and robotic process automation (RPA) and their integration into human resource management (HRM) processes. Based on a synthesis of the evidence from 20 peer-reviewed studies of digital technologies published between 2019 and 2026, this paper explores the impact of digital technologies on talent identification, acquisition, development and retention in modern organisations. The integration of quantitative metrics, conceptual frameworks and empirical findings across a range of industrial and geographic contexts is done through a thematic synthesis approach. Some of the key takeaways presented in the literature reviewed are that time-to-hire can be reduced by up to 75%, the voluntary turnover can be reduced by about 20–30%, and the accuracy of talent decision can be improved by 30–50%. The paper provides evidence that the adoption of digital technologies in talent management is not a linear process of technology but a systemic organisational capability transformation that needs to leverage on data infrastructure, human capital competencies, ethical governance and strategic leadership. The six main themes explored are: (a) The evolution of HR digitalisation, (b) AI driven talent acquisition, (c) People analytics and HR decision-making, (d) Digital learning and development, (e) Ethical and regulatory issues, and (f) Future directions for intelligent HR systems. The analysis shows that key challenges such as algorithmic bias, data privacy concerns and lack of analytical skills among HR practitioners persist, while key enablers include organizational culture, leadership commitment and AI capability frameworks. The results have important implications for HR scholars, practitioners and HR policy makers.
Beyond Physical Safety: Integrating Mental Health into Occupational Safety and Sustainability Policies
Factors like rapid globalization, market competition, digitization along with the expansion of service-oriented industries have transformed Indian work nature due to which workers in various emerging businesses are facing huge mental & psychosocial pressure. As per written laws or in other terms traditional labour laws provide protection against physical hazards but changing patterns of business is pushing for a change in old laws to adopt modern workers’ friendly features. In this paper titled " Beyond Physical Safety: Integrating Mental Health into Occupational Safety and Sustainability Policies" the author has dealt with the problem of old fashioned occupational safety and health (OSH) laws in modern India by critically examining the evolution of work landscape in India. The author has argued that while traditional OSH laws focus on physical risks & hazards like workplace injuries, factory accidents, etc., modern high-stress business sectors like gig economy, online services, IT, healthcare, etc. all demand serious attention to psychosocial risks & hazards as well such as burnout, stress, pressure, hectic time management, continuous harassment, etc. Doctrinal methods of research have been used for critical examination, case studies, policy reviews & data analysis for exposing legal gaps in Indian labour laws and to suggest implementing a strong legal mechanism blending mental wellbeing rights along with OSH laws global benchmarks and UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 8 on decent work. It would not only be beneficial for the employees & gig workers but the changed approach can transform the whole Indian business and industrial sectors as well by increasing productivity & long-term viability.
Nuclear Environmental Damage Crimes in Reggane: A Multidisciplinary Study of Law, Sharia, and Physics
This article examines nuclear environmental damage crimes through a multidisciplinary lens, integrating Islamic Sharia, Algerian positive law, and nuclear physics. Using the French nuclear tests in Reggane (1960–1966) as a case study, it argues that the unique nature of nuclear harm demands a legal framework informed by physical evidence. The study finds that while Sharia provides a comprehensive moral foundation categorizing such acts as "Fasad" (corruption), Algerian legislation suffers from duplication and technical complexity that hinders effective application. Physical evidence—including isotopic fingerprinting, contamination mapping, and cytogenetic biodosimetry—emerges as indispensable for establishing the material act, proving causation, and demonstrating transgenerational harm. The article concludes with recommendations for unified environmental legislation, specialized environmental courts, and a national scientific commission to document the Reggane legacy.