Reliability, Risk, and Legal Accountability for Renewable-Energy-Integrated Power Converters in Electric Vehicles: Implications for Insurance and Regulatory Compliance

Abstract

The rapid transition toward sustainable mobility has accelerated the integration of renewable energy sources into electric vehicle (EV) systems, particularly in power converter technologies. While this integration enhances environmental sustainability and energy efficiency, it introduces significant challenges related to reliability, risk, and legal accountability. The present study investigates the interrelationship between reliability performance, risk factors, legal accountability, and their implications for insurance and regulatory compliance in renewable-energy-integrated power converters in electric vehicles. A quantitative research design is adopted, and primary data are collected from key stakeholders, including EV professionals, engineers, insurance experts, and legal authorities, using a structured questionnaire based on a five-point Likert scale. The data are analyzed using SPSS and MS Excel, employing descriptive statistics and correlation analysis to examine relationships among the variables. The findings reveal that lower reliability is associated with higher perceived risk, while risk factors significantly influence both legal accountability and insurance and regulatory implications. Legal ambiguity further intensifies insurance burdens and compliance requirements, highlighting the interconnected nature of technological, legal, and financial dimensions. The study concludes that risk acts as a central mediating factor linking system reliability with institutional outcomes. It emphasizes the need for improved reliability standards, clearer legal frameworks, and adaptive insurance models to support the sustainable development of electric vehicle ecosystems. The research contributes to the existing literature by providing a multidisciplinary perspective and offers practical insights for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and researchers.